![]() 2 In the UK, warnings, aimed at children and pregnant women, are required on the packaging for drinks that contain over 150 mg/L of caffeine. 1–4 Some professional organisations have suggested banning sales to children. There is widespread concern about their consumption and effects in children and adolescents (under 18 years old). ![]() They include brands such as Red Bull, Monster Energy, and Rockstar. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) assessment suggests that the evidence is weak.Ĭaffeinated energy drinks (CEDs) are drinks containing caffeine, among other ingredients, that are marketed as boosting energy, reducing tiredness, and improving concentration. Evidence from reviews and datasets suggested that boys drank more than girls, and drinking was associated with more headaches, sleep problems, alcohol use, smoking, irritability, and school exclusion. Frequent drinking (5 or more days per week) was associated with low psychological, physical, educational and overall well-being. For the dataset analysis, we identified and included five UK cross-sectional datasets, and found that 3% to 32% of children, across UK countries, consumed energy drinks weekly, with no difference by ethnicity. Only two of the 74 studies in the reviews were UK-based. ![]() Worldwide, across reviews, from 13% to 67% of children had consumed energy drinks in the past year. AMSTAR2 ratings were low or critically low. Results For the overview, we included 15 systematic reviews six reported drinking prevalence and 14 reported associations between drinking and health or behaviour. ![]()
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